Skip to main content

The transmuted geometric-quadratic hazard rate distribution: development, properties, characterizations and applications

Abstract

We propose a five parameter transmuted geometric quadratic hazard rate (TG-QHR) distribution derived from mixture of quadratic hazard rate (QHR), geometric and transmuted distributions via the application of transmuted geometric-G (TG-G) family of Afify et al.(Pak J Statist 32(2), 139-160, 2016). Some of its structural properties are studied. Moments, incomplete moments, inequality measures, residual life functions and some other properties are theoretically taken up. The TG-QHR distribution is characterized via different techniques. Estimates of the parameters for TG-QHR distribution are obtained using maximum likelihood method. The simulation studies are performed on the basis of graphical results to illustrate the performance of maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of the TG-QHR distribution. The significance and flexibility of TG-QHR distribution is tested through different measures by application to two real data sets.

Introduction

Generalizations and extensions of the probability distributions are more flexible and suitable for many real data sets as compared to the classical distributions. Azzalini (1985) derived Skewed Family with additional skewing parameter. Gupta et al. (1998) developed exponentiated family. Marshall and Olkin (1997) introduced a parameter to the family of distributions. Eugene et al. (2002) established family formed from beta distribution. Jones (2004) also presented a family generated from beta distribution. The transmuted family was presented by Shaw and Buckley (2007). Zografos Balakrishnan (2009) established family based on gamma distribution. Cordeiro and Castro (2011) developed family produced from Kumaraswamy distribution. Alexander et al. (2012) studied family based on McDonald distribution. Cordeiro et al. (2013) studied exponentiated generalized family of distribution. Torabi and Montazari (2014) studied family of distributions created from logistic distribution. Elbatal and Butt (2014) developed Kumaraswamy quadratic hazard rate distribution. Alizadeh et al. (2015a) developed Kumaraswamy Marshal Olkin family. Alizadeh et al. (2015b) also proposed Kumaraswamy odd log-logistic family. Yousof et al. (2015) studied transmuted exponentiated generalized-G family of distributions. Afify et al. (2016a) developed a family of distributions called Kumaraswamy transmuted-G family. Afify et al. (2016b) presented transmuted geometric-G family (TG-G). Cordeiro et al. (2016) presented beta odd log-logistic family of distributions. Nofal et al. (2017) studied transmuted geometric Weibull distribution in terms of mathematical properties, characterizations and regression models. Cordeiro et al. (2017) studied generalized odd log-logistics family of distributions in terms of various characteristics and applications. Alizadeh et al., (2018) proposed odd power Cauchy family of distributions and studied its properties and regression models. Yousof et al. (2018) developed a family of distributions on the basis of Burr Hatke differential equation.

The TG-G family (Afify et al.; 2016b) has been developed on the basis of the T-X idea (Alzaatreh et al.; 2013). Let g(x) = 1 + λ − 2λx,  0 < x < 1 and\( W\left(G(x)\right)=\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)} \), where W(G(x)) is non-decreasing function of X and G(x) is a base line cumulative distribution function (cdf) of X [see Alzaatreh et al.; 2013 for W(G(x))]. Then, the cdf of TG-G family is given by

$$ F(x)=\underset{0}{\overset{\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}}{\int }}\left(1+\lambda -2\lambda z\right) dz. $$

Another definition of TG-G family has been given by Afify et al. (2016b) as follows;

Let X1 and X2 be independent and identically distributed (i.i.d.) random variables from \( \frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)} \). Then, the cdf of TG-G family is

$$ F(x)=\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\left[1+\frac{\lambda G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\right],\kern0.96em \left|\lambda \right|\le 1,\theta \in \left(0,1\right),x\ge 0. $$

Proof

Consider the following order statistics:

$$ {X}_{1:2}=\min \left({X}_1,{\mathrm{X}}_2\right)\kern0.36em and\kern0.36em {X}_{2:2}=\max \left({X}_1,{\mathrm{X}}_2\right) $$

and

let \( X\overset{d}{=}\kern0.24em {X}_{1:2}, \) with probability \( \frac{\lambda +1}{2} \),

\( X\overset{d}{=}\kern0.24em {X}_{2:2} \), with probability \( \frac{1-\lambda }{2} \),

where  |λ| ≤ 1. The cdf of X is

$$ F(x)=\left(\frac{\lambda +1}{2}\right)\mathrm{P}\left({X}_{1:2}\le x\right)+\left(\frac{1-\lambda }{2}\right)\Pr \left({X}_{2:2}\le x\right), $$

or

$$ F(x)=\left(\frac{1-\lambda }{2}\right)\left[1-{\left[1-\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\right]}^2\right]+\left(\frac{1-\lambda }{2}\right){\left[\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\right]}^2, $$
$$ F\left(\mathrm{x};\theta, \lambda \right)=\frac{\theta G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\left[1+\frac{\lambda G(x)}{1-\left(1-\theta \right)G(x)}\right],\kern0.96em \left|\lambda \right|\le 1,\theta \in \left(0,1\right),x\ge 0, $$
(1)

The probabilty density function (pdf) of TG-G family is

$$ f\left(\mathrm{x};\theta, \lambda \right)=\frac{\theta g(x)}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)G(x)\right]}^2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta G(x)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)G(x)\right)}\right],\kern0.48em \left|\lambda \right|\le 1,\theta \in \left(0,1\right),x>0, $$
(2)

where g(x) is the baseline pdf.

The basic motivations for proposing the TG-QHR distribution are: (i) to generate distributions with arc, positively skewed, negatively skewed and symmetrical shaped; (ii) to obtain increasing, decreasing and inverted bathtub hazard rate function; (iii) to serve as the best alternative model for the current models to explore and modeling real data in economics, life testing, reliability, survival analysis manufacturing and other areas of research and (iv) to provide better fits than other sub-models.

Our interest is to study the TG-QHR distribution along with its properties, applications and examine the usefulness of this distribution for modeling phenomena compared to the sub-models.

This article is composed as follows. In Section “TG-QHR distribution”, TG-QHR distribution is introduced. In Section “Structural properties of TG-QHR distribution”, TG-QHR distribution is studied in terms of various structural properties, plots, sub-models and descriptive measures on the basis of quantiles. In Section “Moments and inequality measures”, moments, incomplete moments, residual life functions and inequality measures and some other properties are theoretically derived. In Section “Characterizations”, TG-QHR distribution is characterized via (i) ratio of truncated moments; (ii) hazard function; (iii) reverse hazard rate function and (iv) elasticity function. In Section “Maximum likelihood estimation”, estimates of the parameters of TG-QHR distribution are obtained via maximum likelihood method. In Section “Simulation studies”, simulation studies are performed on the basis of graphical results to illustrate the performance of MLEs. In Section “Applications”, the significance and flexibility of TG-QHR distribution is tested through different measures by application to two real data sets. Goodness of fit of TG-QHR distribution is checked via different methods. Conclusion is given in Section “Conclusions”.

TG-QHR distribution

The goal of this article is to propose a five parameter transmuted geometric quadratic hazard rate (TG-QHR) distribution from mixture of QHR, geometric and transmuted distributions by the application of TG-G family.

Bain (1974) developed quadratic hazard rate (QHR) distribution from the following quadratic function

$$ A(x)=\alpha +\beta x+\gamma {x}^2,\mathrm{x}>0,\kern0.6em \alpha >0,\kern0.36em \gamma >0,\kern0.36em \beta >-2\sqrt{\alpha \gamma}. $$
(3)

The cdf of the random variable X with QHR distribution and parametersα, β  and  γ is

$$ {F}_{QHR}(x)=1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)},\alpha >0,\kern0.36em \gamma >0,\kern0.36em \beta >-2\sqrt{\alpha \gamma},x\ge 0, $$
(4)

where \( Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)=\alpha x+\frac{\beta }{2}{x}^2+\frac{\gamma }{3}{x}^3. \)

The pdf of the random variable X with QHR distribution and parameters α, β  and  γ is

$$ {f}_{QHR}(x)=A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)},x>0. $$
(5)

The pdf and cdf of a random variable X with TG-QHR distribution are obtained by inducting (4) and (5) in (1) and (2) as follows

$$ f(x)=\frac{\theta \kern0.24em A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\kern0.6em {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right],x>0, $$
(6)
$$ F(x)=\frac{\theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}\left[1+\frac{\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right],\kern0.36em x\ge 0, $$
(7)

where \( \kern0.36em \alpha >0,\kern0.72em \beta >-2\sqrt{\alpha \gamma},\gamma >0,\left|\lambda\;\right|\le 1\kern0.24em and\kern.4em \theta \in \left(0,1\right) \) are parameters.

Useful expansions and mixture representation

The density function for TG-QHR can be written as

$$ f(x)=\frac{\theta \kern0.24em A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\kern0.6em {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right],x>0, $$
$$ {\left(1+z\right)}^{-a}=\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{{\left(-1\right)}^k\Gamma \left(a+k\right)}{\Gamma (a)}\frac{z^k}{k!} $$
$$ f(x)=\left[\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta \sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}{\Gamma (2)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!}\sum \limits_{j=0}^k{\left(-1\right)}^{j+k}\left({}_j^k\right)-2{\lambda \theta}^2\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}{\Gamma (3)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!}\sum \limits_{j=0}^{k+1}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+k}\left({}_j^{k+1}\right)\right]A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-\left(j+1\right)Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}. $$

The pdf of TG-QHR distribution can be written as the mixture of exp-G densities.

Structural properties of TG-QHR distribution

The survival, hazard, reverse hazard, cumulative hazard functions and Mills ratio of a random variable X with TG-QHR distribution are given, respectively, by

$$ S(x)=1-\frac{\theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}\left[1+\frac{\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right], $$
(8)
$$ h(x)=A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\kern0.36em {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{\lambda }{1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right], $$
(9)
$$ r(x)=A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right], $$
(10)
$$ H(x)=-\ln \left\{1-\frac{\theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}\left[1+\frac{\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]\right\}, $$
(11)

and

$$ m(x)={\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{\left[\frac{A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\lambda }{1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]}^{-1}. $$
(12)

The generalized hazard \( {g}_1(x)=-\frac{d\ln S(x)}{d\ln x}= xh(x) \) of TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {g}_1(x)=x\;A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{\lambda }{1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]. $$
(13)

The elasticity \( e(x)=\frac{d\mathrm{lnF}(x)}{d\ln x}= xr(x) \)of TG-QHR distribution is

$$ e(x)=x\;A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\;{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right]. $$
(14)

Shapes of the TG-QHR density and hazard rate functions

The TG-QHR density is arc, positively skewed, positively skewed and symmetrical distribution (Fig. 1a). The TG-QHR hazard is increasing, decreasing and inverted bathtub hazard rate function (Fig. 1b).

Fig. 1
figure 1

a Plots of pdf of TG-QHR Distribution. b Plots of hrf of TG-QHR Distribution

Fig. 2
figure 2

skewness and kurtosis measures of the TG-QHR distribution

Descriptive measures based on quantiles

In this sub-section, descriptive measures on the basis of quantiles are taken up.

The quantile function of TG-QHR distribution is

$$ \alpha {x}_q+\frac{\beta }{2}{x_q}^2+\frac{\gamma }{3}{x_q}^3+\ln \left[1-\left[\frac{\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-4\lambda q}}{2\lambda \theta +\left(1-\theta \right)\left[\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-4\lambda q}\right]}\right]\right]=0. $$
(15)

Median of TG-QHR distribution is

$$ \alpha {x}_{Med.}+\frac{\beta }{2}{x_{Med.}}^2+\frac{\gamma }{3}{x_{Med.}}^3+\ln \left[1-\left[\frac{\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-2\lambda }}{2\lambda \theta +\left(1-\theta \right)\left[\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-2\lambda}\right]}\right]\right]=0. $$
(16)

The random number generator of TG-QHR distribution is

$$ \alpha X+\frac{\beta }{2}{X}^2+\frac{\gamma }{3}{X}^3+\ln \left[1-\left[\frac{\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-4\lambda Z}}{2\lambda \theta +\left(1-\theta \right)\left[\lambda +1-\sqrt{{\left(\lambda +1\right)}^2-4\lambda Z}\right]}\right]\right]=0, $$
(17)

where the random variable Z has the uniform distribution on (0, 1).

Sub models of TG-QHR distribution

The TG-QHR has wide applications in life testing, survival analysis and reliability theory. The TG-QHR has the following sub models (Table 1).

Table 1 Sub-models of TG-QHR distribution

Moments and inequality measures

In this section, moments about the origin, incomplete moments, inequality measures, residual life functions and some other properties are theoretically derived.

Moments about the origin

The rth moment about the origin of the random variable X with TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{x}^rf(x) dx, $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{x}^r\frac{\theta A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){e}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right] dx, $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{x}^r\left[\begin{array}{l}\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta \sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!}\sum \limits_{j=0}^k{\left(-1\right)}^j\left({}_j^k\right)\left(\alpha +\beta x+\gamma {x}^2\right){e}^{-\left(j+1\right)Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}-\\ {}\kern4.679997em 2{\lambda \theta}^2\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!}\sum \limits_{j=0}^{k+1}{\left(-1\right)}^j\left({}_j^{k+1}\right)\left(\alpha +\beta x+\gamma {x}^2\right){e}^{-\left(j+1\right)Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\end{array}\right] dx, $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}\left[\begin{array}{l}\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta \sum \limits_{j=0}^k\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^k\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m\left(\alpha {x}^{2l+3m+r}+\beta {x}^{2l+3m+r+1}+\gamma {x}^{2l+3m+r+2}\right){e}^{-\alpha \left(j+1\right)x}\\ {}-2{\lambda \theta}^2\sum \limits_{j=0}^{k+1}\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^{k+1}\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m\left(\alpha {x}^{2l+3m+r}+\beta {x}^{2l+3m+r+1}+\gamma {x}^{2l+3m+r+2}\right){e}^{-\alpha \left(j+1\right)x}\end{array}\right] dx, $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\left[\begin{array}{l}\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta \sum \limits_{j=0}^k\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^k\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\\ {}-2{\lambda \theta}^2\sum \limits_{j=0}^{k+1}\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^{k+1}\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\end{array}\right], $$

where \( {W}_{j,k,l,m}=\sum \limits_{j=0}^k\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(2+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^k\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m \) and

$$ {W}_{j,k+1,l,m}=\sum \limits_{j=0}^{k+1}\sum \limits_{k=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{l=0}^{\infty}\sum \limits_{m=0}^{\infty}\frac{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}{\Gamma \left(3+k\right)}\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^k}{k!l!\mathrm{m}!}{\left(-1\right)}^{j+l+m}\left({}_j^{k+1}\right){\left(j+1\right)}^{l+m}{\left(\frac{\beta }{2}\right)}^l{\left(\frac{\gamma }{3}\right)}^m. $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\left[\begin{array}{l}\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}-\\ {}\ 2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\end{array}\right], $$
$$ {\mu}_r^{/}=E\left({X}^r\right)=\left[\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right]\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}. $$
(18)

Mean and Variance of TG-QHR distribution

$$ E(X)=\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left[\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+3\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(2l+3m+4\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+4\right)}}\right], $$
$$ Var(X)=\left\{\begin{array}{l}\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left[\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+3\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(2l+3m+4\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+4\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(2l+3m+5\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+5\right)}}\right]\\ {}-{\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)}^2{\left[\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+3\right)}}+\frac{\gamma \Gamma \left(2l+3m+4\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(2l+3m+4\right)}}\right]}^2\end{array}\right.. $$

The fractional positive moments about the origin of the random variable X with TG-IW distribution are

$$ {\mu}_{\frac{r}{s}}^{/}=E\left({X}^{\frac{r}{s}}\right)=\left[\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right]\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(\frac{r}{s}+2l+3m+3\right)}}. $$
(19)

The factorial moments of X with TG- QHR distribution are \( E{\left[X\right]}_m=\sum \limits_{r=1}^m{\varphi}_rE\left({X}^r\right), \)

$$ E{\left[X\right]}_m=\sum \limits_{r=1}^m{\varphi}_r\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left[\frac{\alpha \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta \Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right], $$
(20)

where  [X]i = X(X + 1)(X + 2)…(X + i − 1)and φr is Stirling number of the first kind.

The Mellin transform helps to determine the moments for a probability distribution. The Mellin transform of X with the TG-QHR distribution is \( \mathrm{M}\left\{f(x);s\right\}={f}^{\ast }(s)=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}f(x)\kern0.24em {x}^{s-1} dx. \)

$$ \mathrm{M}\left\{f(x);s\right\}=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{x}^{s-1}\frac{\theta A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right] dx, $$
$$ \mathrm{M}\left\{f(x);s\right\}=\left[\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right]\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(s+2l+3m\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(s+2l+3m\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(s+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(s+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(s+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(s+2l+3m+2\right)}}. $$
(21)

The qth central moments, Pearson’s measure of skewness and Kurtosis and cumulants of X with TG-QHR distribution are determined from the relationships.

$$ {\mu}_q=\sum \limits_{v=1}^q\left({}_v^q\right){\left(-1\right)}^v{\mu}_v^{\prime}\;{\mu}_{v-q}^{\prime },\kern0.5em {\gamma}_1=\frac{\mu_3}{{\left({\mu}_2\right)}^{\frac{3}{2}}},\kern0.5em {\beta}_2=\frac{{}_{\mu_4}}{{\left({\mu}_2\right)}^2}\kern1em \mathrm{and}\kern1em {k}_r={\mu}_r^{\prime }-\sum \limits_{c=1}^{r-1}\left({}_{c-1}^{r-1}\right){k}_c\kern0.24em {\mu}_{r-c}^{\prime }. $$

The graphical displays to describe the parameter that controls skewness and kurtosis measures of the TG-QHR distribution are added (Fig. 2).

The moment generating function of the random variable X with TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {M}_x(t)=E\left[{e}^{tx}\right]=\underset{0}{\overset{\infty }{\int }}{e}^{tx}f(x) dx=\sum \limits_{r=0}^r\frac{t^r}{r!}{\mu}_r^{/}, $$
$$ {M}_x(t)=\sum \limits_{r=0}^r\frac{t^r}{r!}\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left[\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right]. $$
(22)

Incomplete moments

Incomplete moments are used in mean inactivity life, mean residual life function and other inequality measures. The rth incomplete moment about the origin of X with TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {\varphi}_r(t)=\underset{0}{\overset{t}{\int }}{x}^rf(x) dx $$
$$ {\varphi}_r(t)=\left[\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left(\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right)\right]. $$
(23)

where Γ(x…) is the upper incomplete gamma function.

The mean deviation about mean is \( {MD}_{\overline{X}}=E\left|X-{\mu}_1^1\right|=2{\mu}_1^1F\left({\mu}_1^1\right)-2{\mu}_1^1{\varphi}_1 \) and mean deviation about median is MDM = E|X − M| = 2MF(M) − 21 where\( {\mu}_1^{/}=E(X)\; and\;M={Q}_{\frac{1}{2}} \). Bonferroni and Lorenz curves defined for a specified probability p by \( \mathrm{B}(p)={\varphi}_1(q)/p{\mu}_1^1 \) and \( L(p)={\varphi}_1(q)/{\mu}_1^1 \), whereq = Qp.

Residual life functions

The residual life, say mn(t), of X with TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {m}_n(t)=E\left[\left.{\left(X-t\right)}^n\right|X>t\right], $$
$$ {m}_n(t)=\frac{1}{S(z)}\underset{t}{\overset{\lambda }{\int }}{\left(x-t\right)}^sf(x) dx, $$
$$ {m}_n(t)=\frac{1}{\left(1-F(t)\right)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^n\left({}_r^n\right){\left(-t\right)}^{n-r}{\varphi}_r(t), $$
$$ {m}_n(t)=\frac{1}{\left(1-F(t)\right)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^n\left({}_r^n\right){\left(-t\right)}^{n-r}\left[\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left(\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right)\right]. $$

The life expectancy or mean residual life function at a specified time t, saym1(t), quantifies the expected left over lifetime of an individual of age t and is given by.

$$ {m}_1(t)=\frac{1}{\left(1-F(t)\right)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^1\left({}_r^1\right){\left(-t\right)}^{1-r}\left[\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left(\frac{\alpha\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\Gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right)\right]. $$

The reverse residual life, say Mn(t), of X with TG-QHR distribution is

$$ {M}_n(t)=E\left[{\left(t-X\right)}^n/X\le t\right], $$
$$ {M}_n(t)=\frac{1}{F(t)}\underset{0}{\overset{t}{\int }}{\left(t-x\right)}^nf(x) dx, $$
$$ {M}_n(t)=\frac{1}{F(t)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^n{\left(-1\right)}^r\left({}_r^n\right){t}^{n-r}{\varphi}_r(t), $$
$$ {M}_n(t)=\frac{1}{F(t)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^n{\left(-1\right)}^r\left({}_r^n\right){t}^{n-r}\left[\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left(\frac{\alpha\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\frac{\gamma\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right)\right], $$
(24)

where γ(x…) is the lower incomplete gamma function.

The mean waiting time (MWT) or mean inactivity time signifies the waiting time passed since the failure of an item on condition that this failure had happened in the interval [0, t].The MWT of X, say M1(t), is defined by

$$ {M}_1(t)=\frac{1}{F(t)}\sum \limits_{r=0}^1{\left(-1\right)}^r\left({}_r^1\right){t}^{1-r}\left[\left(\left(1+\lambda \right)\theta {W}_{j,k,l,m}-2{\lambda \theta}^2{W}_{j,k+1,l,m}\right)\left(\frac{\alpha\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+1\right)}{{\left[\alpha \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+1\right)}}+\frac{\beta\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+2\right)}{{\left[\beta \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+2\right)}}+\gamma \frac{\;\gamma \left(x;r+2l+3m+3\right)}{{\left[\gamma \left(j+1\right)\right]}^{\left(r+2l+3m+3\right)}}\right)\right]. $$
(25)

Characterizations

In order to develop a stochastic function in a certain problem, it is necessary to know whether the selected function fulfills the requirements of the specific underlying probability distribution. To this end, it is required to study characterizations of the specific probability distribution. Different characterization techniques have developed.

The TG-QHR distribution is characterized via (i) ratio of truncated Moments (ii) hazard function (iii) reverse hazard rate function and (iv) elasticity function.

Characterization of TG-QHR distribution via ratio of truncated moments

The TG-QHR distribution is characterized using Theorem 1 (Glänzel, 1986) on the basis of a simple relationship between two truncated moments of functions of X. Theorem 1 is given in Appendix A.

Proportion 5.1.1: Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be a continuous random variable. Let

$$ {h}_1(x)={\theta}^{-1}{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2{\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]}^{-1} $$

and

$$ {h}_2(x)=2{\theta}^{-1}{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2{\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]}^{-1},x>0. $$

The pdf of X is (6) if and only if  p(x)(in Theorem 1) has the formp(x) = eQ(x|α, β, γ).

Proof. If X has pdf (6), then

$$ \left(1-F(x)\right)E\left(\left.{h}_1(X)\right|X\ge x\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)},x>0, $$

and

$$ \left(1-F(x)\right)E\left(\left.{h}_2(X)\right|X\ge x\right)={\mathrm{e}}^{-2Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)},x>0. $$

Conversely, if p(x) = eQ(x|α, β, γ), then p(x) = A(x|α, β, γ)  eQ(x|α, β, γ) and the differential equation.

\( {s}^{\prime }(x)=\frac{p^{\prime }(x){h}_2(x)}{p(x){h}_2(x)-{h}_1(x)}=2A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right) \) has solution s(x) = 2Q(x|α, β, γ).

Therefore in the light of theorem 1, X has pdf (6).

Corollary 5.1.1: Let X : Ω → (0, ∞)be a continuous random variable and let

$$ {h}_2(x)=2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\frac{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^2}{\theta }{\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]}^{-1},x>0. $$

The pdf of X is (6) if and only if there exist functions p(x)  and h1(x)satisfy the equation

$$ \frac{p^{\prime }(x)}{p(x){h}_2(x)-{h}_1(x)}=\theta \left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right){\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^{-2}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]. $$
(26)

Remark 5.1.1: The general solution of (26) is.

$$ p(x)={\mathrm{e}}^{2Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\int \left(-{h}_1(x)\frac{\theta \left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{{\left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]}^{-2}}\left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]\right) dx+D, $$

where D is a constant.

Characterization via hazard function

Here we characterize TG-QHR distribution via hazard function of X.

Definition 5.2.1: Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be a continuous random variable with cdf F(x)and pdf f(x).The hazard function,hF(x), of a twice differentiable distribution function satisfies the differential equation

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left[\log f(x)\right]=\frac{h_F^{\prime }(x)}{h_F(x)}-{h}_F(x). $$

Proposition 5.2.1 Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be continuous random variable. The pdf of X is (6), if and only if its hazard function, hF(x), satisfies the first order differential equation

$$ {h}^{\prime }(x){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}+A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}h(x)=\left[\frac{\left(\beta +2\gamma x\right)-{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{\lambda \left(\beta +2\gamma x\right)\left(1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)+{\lambda}^2{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left(1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}^2}\right],x>0. $$

Proof: If the pdf of X is (6), then the above differential equation holds. Now, if the differential equation holds, then

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left\{{h}_F(x){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right\}=\frac{d}{dx}\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{\lambda }{1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]\right), $$

or

$$ h(x)=A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}+\frac{\lambda }{1-\lambda \left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right], $$

which is the hazard function of the TG-QHR distribution.

Characterization via reverse hazard function

Here we characterize TG-QHR distribution via reverse hazard function of X.

Definition 5.3.1: Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be a continuous random variable with cdf F(x)and pdf f(x).The reverse hazard function,rF(x), of a twice differentiable distribution function satisfies the differential equation

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left[\log f(x)\right]=\frac{r_F^{\prime }(x)}{r_F(x)}+{r}_F(x). $$

Proposition 5.3.1 Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be continuous random variable. The pdf of X is (6) if and only if its reverse hazard function,rF, satisfies the first order differential equation.

$$ {r}_F^{\prime }(x){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}+A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{r}_F(x)=\left[\frac{\left(\beta +2\gamma x\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)-{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^2}-\frac{\lambda \left(\beta +2\gamma x\right)\left(1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)+{\lambda}^2{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left(1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^2}\right]. $$

Proof: If the pdf of X is (6), then the above differential equation holds. Now, if the differential equation holds, then

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left\{{r}_F(x){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right\}=\frac{d}{dx}\left[\frac{A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right], $$

or

$$ {r}_F(x)=A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right],x>0 $$

which is the reverse hazard function of the TG-QHR distribution.

Definition 5.4.1: Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be a continuous random variable with cdf F(x) and pdf f(x).The elasticity function, eF(x), of a twice differentiable distribution function satisfies the differential equation

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left[\ln f(x)\right]=\frac{e^{/}(x)}{e(x)}+\frac{e(x)}{x}-\frac{1}{x}. $$

Proposition 5.4.1 Let X : Ω → (0, ∞) be continuous random variable. The pdf of X is (6) if and only if its elasticity,eF(x), satisfies the first order differential equation.

$$ {e}_F^{\prime }(x)x{\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}+ xA\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}{e}_F(x)=\left[\frac{\left(\alpha {x}^{-1}+2\beta +3\gamma x\right)\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)+{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^2}-\frac{\lambda \left(\alpha {x}^{-1}+2\beta +3\gamma x\right)\left(1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)+{\lambda}^2{\left(A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^2{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{{\left(1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^2}\right]. $$

Proof: If the pdf of X is (6), then the above differential equation holds. Now, if the differential equation holds, then

$$ \frac{d}{dx}\left\{{e}_F(x)x{\mathrm{e}}^{Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right\}=\frac{d}{dx}\left[A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right]\right], $$

or

$$ {e}_F(x)=x\;A\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right){\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\left[\frac{1}{\left(1-{\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}-\frac{\lambda }{1+\lambda {\mathrm{e}}^{-Q\left(\left.x\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}\right],x>0, $$

which is the elasticity function of the TG-QHR distribution.

Maximum likelihood estimation

In this section, parameters estimates are derived using maximum likelihood method. The log likelihood function for TG-QHR with the vector of parameters Φ = (α, β, θ, λ) is

$$ L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=n\ln \theta +\sum \ln A\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)-\sum Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)-2\sum \ln \left[1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right]+\sum \ln \left[1+\lambda -\frac{2\lambda \theta \left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}{\left(1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)\right)}\right]. $$
(27)

In order to compute the estimates of parameters of TG-QHR distribution, the following nonlinear equations must be solved simultaneously:

$$ \frac{\partial }{\partial \alpha }L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=\sum {\left(A\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)\right)}^{-1}-\sum {x}_i+2\sum {x}_i{\left[1+\frac{{\left(\theta -1\right)}^{-1}}{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]}^{-1}+\frac{\lambda \theta}{2}\sum \left[\frac{x_i{\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-2}{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-2}{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{1+\lambda -2\lambda \theta {\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}}\right]=0, $$
(28)
$$ \frac{\partial }{\partial \beta }L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=n\ln \theta +\sum \frac{x_i}{A\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}-\frac{1}{2}\sum {x_i}^2-\left(\theta -1\right)\sum \left[\frac{x^2{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]+\lambda \theta \sum \left[\frac{{x_i}^2{\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-2}{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-2}{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{1+\lambda -2\lambda \theta {\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}}\right]=0, $$
(29)
$$ \frac{\partial }{\partial \gamma }L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=\sum \frac{{x_i}^2}{A\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}-\frac{1}{3}\sum {x_i}^3-\frac{2}{3}\left(\theta -1\right)\sum \left[\frac{{x_i}^3{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{1+\left(\theta -1\right)\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}\right]+\frac{2\lambda \theta}{3}\sum \left[\frac{{x_i}^3{\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-2}{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-2}{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}}{1+\lambda -2\lambda \theta {\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}}\right]=0, $$
(30)
$$ \frac{\delta }{\delta \lambda}L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=\left[1-2\theta {\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}\right]{\left[1+\lambda -2\lambda \theta {\left(\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right)}^{-1}\right]}^{-1}=0, $$
(31)
$$ \frac{\delta }{\delta \theta}L\left({x}_i,\Phi \right)=\frac{n}{\theta }-2\sum {\left[\left(\theta -1\right)+{\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}\right]}^{-1}-\sum \left[\frac{-2\lambda {\left({\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}+\left(\theta -1\right)\right)}^{-1}-2\lambda \theta {\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left({x}_i\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}{\left({\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}+\left(\theta -1\right)\right)}^{-2}}{1+\lambda -2\lambda \theta {\left({\left(1-{e}^{-Q\left(\left.{x}_i\right|\alpha, \beta, \gamma \right)}\right)}^{-1}+\left(\theta -1\right)\right)}^{-1}}\right]=0. $$
(32)

Simulation studies

In this Section, we perform two simulation studies based on graphical results by using selected TG-QHR distributions. To see the performance of MLE’s of these distributions, we generate N = 1000 samples of sizes n = 20,30,…,1000 from TG-QHR distribution. For the first simulation study, we take true values of α, β, γ, θparameters as 5,3,2,0.5 respectively. For the second simulation study, we take true values of α, β, γ, θparameters as 2,2,1,0.2 respectively. Note that we assume λas known for both simulation studies. The random number generation is obtained with inverse of its cdf. The MLEs, say \( \left({\widehat{\alpha}}_i,{\widehat{\beta}}_i,{\widehat{\gamma}}_i,{\widehat{\theta}}_i\right) \)for i = 1,2,...,N, have been obtained by CG routine in R programme.

We also calculate the mean, standard deviations (sd), bias and mean square error (MSE) of the MLEs. The bias and MSE are calculated by (for h = α, β, γ, θ).

$$ {Bias}_h=\frac{1}{1000}{\sum}_{i=1}^{1000}\left({\widehat{h}}_i-h\right)\kern0.5em \mathrm{and}\kern0.5em {MSE}_h=\frac{1}{1000}{\sum}_{i=1}^{1000}{\left({\widehat{h}}_i-h\right)}^2. $$

The results of the simulations are reported in Figs. 3 and 4. From these Figures, we can say that for four parameters the empirical means approach the true values when sample size increases whereas the bias, MSE and sd’s decrease as the sample size increases, as expected.

Fig. 3
figure 3

First simulation results with λ =  − 0.5

Fig. 4
figure 4

Second simulation results with λ = 0.5

Applications

The potentiality of TG-QHR distribution is demonstrated by its application to real data sets. The TG-QHR distribution is compared with G-QHR, T-QHR, QHR distributions. Goodness of fit of this distribution through different methods is studied. Different goodness fit measures such as “Cramer-von Mises (W), Anderson Darling (A), Kolmogorov-Smirnov (K-S) statistics with p-values and likelihood ratio statistics” are computed using R-package for strengths of 1.5 cm glass fibers and breaking stress of carbon fibers. The maximum likelihood estimates (MLEs) of unknown parameters and values of goodness of fit measures are computed for TG-QHR distribution and its sub-models. The better fit corresponds to smaller W, A, K-S and−ℓ value.

Application I: Strengths of glass fibers

The values of data about strengths of 1.5 cm glass fibers (Smith and Naylor; 1987) are: 0.55, 0.74, 0.77, 0.81, 0.84, 0.93, 1.04, 1.11, 1.13, 1.24, 1.25, 1.27, 1.28, 1.29, 1.30, 1.36, 1.39, 1.42, 1.48, 1.48, 1.49, 1.49, 1.50, 1.50, 1.51, 1.52, 1.53, 1.54, 1.55, 1.55, 1.58, 1.59, 1.60, 1.61, 1.61, 1.61, 1.61, 1.62, 1.62, 1.63, 1.64, 1.66, 1.66, 1.66, 1.67, 1.68, 1.68, 1.69, 1.70, 1.70, 1.73, 1.76, 1.76, 1.77, 1.78, 1.81, 1.82, 1.84, 1.84, 1.89, 2.00, 2.01, 2.24.

The MLEs (standard errors) are given in Table 2. Table 3 displays goodness-of-fit statistics such as W, A, K-S (p-values) and −ℓ.

Table 2 MLEs (standard errors) and goodness-of-fit statistics for data set I
Table 3 Goodness-of-fit statistics for data set I

We can perceive that TG-QHR model is accurate fitted to data I because good of fit measures are smaller and graphical plots such as estimated pdf, cdf and pp. plots are closer to data set I (Fig. 5).

Fig. 5
figure 5

Estimated pdf for TG-QHR and Estimated cdf for TG-QHR for data set I. PP plot for data Set I

Application II: Breaking stress of carbon fibers

The values of data about breaking stress of carbon fibers (Nichols and Padgett; 2006) are: 3.70, 2.74, 2.73, 2.50, 3.60, 3.11, 3.27, 2.87, 1.47, 3.11, 3.56, 4.42, 2.41, 3.19, 3.22, 1.69, 3.28, 3.09, 1.87, 3.15, 4.90, 1.57, 2.67, 2.93, 3.22, 3.39, 2.81, 4.20, 3.33, 2.55, 3.31, 3.31, 2.85, 1.25, 4.38, 1.84, 0.39, 3.68, 2.48, 0.85, 1.61, 2.79, 4.70, 2.03, 1.89, 2.88, 2.82, 2.05, 3.65, 3.75, 2.43, 2.95, 2.97, 3.39, 2.96, 2.35, 2.55, 2.59, 2.03, 1.61, 2.12, 3.15, 1.08, 2.56, 1.80, 2.53.

The MLEs (standard errors) are given in Table 4. Table 5 displays goodness-of-fit statistics such as W, A, K-S (p-values) and −ℓ.

Table 4 MLEs (standard errors) and goodness-of-fit statistics for data set II
Table 5 Goodness-of-fit statistics for data set II

We can perceive that TG-QHR model is accurate fitted to data II because good of fit measures are smaller and graphical plots such as estimated pdf, cdf and pp. plots are closer to data set II (Fig. 6).

Fig. 6
figure 6

Estimated pdf for TG-QHR and Estimated cdf for TG-QHR for data set II. PP Plots for data set II

Conclusions

We have developed a more flexible distribution which is suitable for applications in survival analysis, reliability and actuarial science. The important properties of the proposed TG-QHR distribution such as survival function, hazard function, reverse hazard function, cumulative hazard function, mills ratio, elasticity, quantile function, moments about the origin, incomplete moments and inequality measures are presented. The proposed distribution is characterized via different techniques. Maximum Likelihood estimates are computed. The simulation studies are performed on the basis of graphical results to illustrate the performance of maximum likelihood estimates of this distribution. Applications of our model to real data sets (strength of glass fibers and stress of carbon fibers) are given to show its significance and flexibility. Goodness of fit shows that our distribution is a better fit. We have demonstrated that the proposed distribution is empirically better for lifetime applications.

References

  • Afify, AZ, Alizadeh, M, Yousof, HM, Aryal, G, Ahmad, M: The transmuted geometric-G family of distributions: theory and applications. Pak. J. Statist. 32(2), 139–160 (2016a)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Afify, AZ, Cordeiro, GM, Yousof, HM, Alzaatreh, A, Nofal, Z.M: The Kumaraswamy transmuted-G family of distributions: properties and applications. J. Data Sci. 14(2), 245–270 (2016b)

    Google Scholar 

  • Alexander, C, Cordeiro, GM, Ortega, EMM, Sarabia, JM: Generalized beta generated distributions. Comput. Stat. Data. Anal. 56, 1880–1897 (2012)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Alizadeh, M, Altun, E, Cordeiro, GM, Rasekhi, M: The odd power cauchy family of distributions: properties, regression models and applications. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 88(4), 785–807 (2018)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Alizadeh, M, Emadi, M, Doostparast, M, Cordeiro, GM, Ortega, EMM, Pescim, RR: Kumaraswamy odd log-logistic family of distributions: Properties and applications. Hacet. J. Math. Stat. 44(6), 1491–1512 (2015b)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Alizadeh, M, Tahir, MH, Cordeiro, GM, Mansoor, M, Zubair, M, Hamedani, GG: The Kumaraswamy marshal-Olkin family of distributions. J Egyp Math Soc. 23(3), 546–557 (2015a)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Alzaatreh, A, Lee, C, Famoye, F: A new method for generating families of continuous distributions. Metron, 71(1), 63-79 (2013)

  • Azzalini, A.: A class of distributions which includes the normal ones. Scand. J. Statist. 12, 171–178 (1985)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Bain, LJ: Analysis for the linear failure-rate life-testing distribution. Technometrics, 16(4), 551-559 (1974)

  • Barreto-Souza, W, de Morais, AL, Cordeiro, GM: The Weibull-geometric distribution. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 81(5), 645–657 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro, GM, Alizadeh, M, Ozel, G, Hosseini, B, Ortega, EMM, Altun, E: The generalized odd log-logistic family of distributions: properties, regression models and applications. J. Stat. Comput. Simul. 87(5), 908–932 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro, GM, Alizadeh, M, Tahir, MH, Mansoor, M, Bourguignon, M, Hamedani, GG: The beta odd log-logistic generalized family of distributions. Hacet. J. Math. Stat. 45, 1175–1202 (2016)

    MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro, GM, de Castro, M: A new family of generalized distributions. J Stat Comput Simul. 81, 883–898 (2011)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Cordeiro, GM, Ortega, EMM, DA Cunha, DCC: The exponentiated generalized class of distributions. J. Data Sci. 11, 1–27 (2013)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Elbatal, I, Butt, NS: A new generalization of quadratic hazard rate distribution. Pak. J. Stat. Oper. Res. 9(4), 343–361 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Eugene, N, Lee, C, Famoye, F: Beta-normal distribution and its applications. Commun. Stat. Theor. Meth. 31, 497–512 (2002)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Glänzel, WA: Characterization theorem based on truncated moments and its application to some distribution families. Math. Stat. Prob. Theory. (Bad Tatzmannsdorf, Vol. B, Reidel, Dordrecht). 1987, 75–84 (1986)

    MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Gupta, RC, Gupta, PI, Gupta, RD: Modeling failure time data by Lehmann alternatives. Commun. Stat. Theor. Meth. 27, 887–904 (1998)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Jones, MC: Families of distributions arising from the distributions of order statistics. Test. 13, 1–43 (2004)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Khan, MS, King, R, Hudson, IL: Transmuted Weibull distribution: Properties and estimation. Commun. Stat.Theor. Meth. 46(11), 5394–5418 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Marshall, AW, Olkin, I: A new method for adding a parameter to a family of distributions with application to the exponential and Weibull families. Biometrika. 84, 641–652 (1997)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Merovci, F: Transmuted rayleigh distribution. Aust. J. Stat. 42(1), 21–31 (2013)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nichols, MD, Padgett, WJ: A bootstrap control chart for Weibull percentiles. Qual. Reliab. Eng. Int. 22, 141–151 (2006)

    Article  Google Scholar 

  • Nofal, ZM, El Gebaly, YM, Altun, E, Alizadeh, M, Butt, NS: The Transmuted Geometric-Weibull distribution: Properties, Characterizations and Regression Models. Pak. J. Stat. Oper. Res. 13(2), 395–416 (2017)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Okasha, HM, Kayid, M, Abouammoh, MA, Elbatal, I: A New Family of Quadratic Hazard Rate-Geometric Distributions With Reliability Applications. J. Test. Eval. 44(5), 1937–1948 (2015)

    Google Scholar 

  • Shaw, WT and Buckley, IRC: The Alchemy of Probability Distributions: beyond Gram-Charlier Expansions and a Skew-Kurtotic-Normal Distribution from a Rank Transmutation Map. Research Report (2007)

    Google Scholar 

  • Smith, RL, Naylor, JC: A comparison of maximum likelihood and Bayesian estimators for the three-parameter Weibull distribution. Appl. Stat. 36, 358–369 (1987)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Torabi, H, Montazari, NH: The logistic-uniform distribution and its application. Commun. Statist. Simul. Comput. 43, 2551–2569 (2014)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Weibull, W: A statistical distribution function of wide applicability. J. Appl. Mech. 18(3), 293–297 (1951)

    MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Yousof, HM, Afify, AZ, Alizadeh, M, Butt, NS, Hamedani, GG, Ali, MM: The transmuted exponentiated generalized-G family of distributions. Pak. J. Stat. Oper. Res. 11, 441–464 (2015)

    Article  MathSciNet  Google Scholar 

  • Yousof, HM, Altun, E, Ramires, TG, Alizadeh, M, Rasekhi, M: A new family of distributions with properties, regression models and applications. J. Stat. Manag. Syst. 21(1), 163–188 (2018)

    Article  MATH  Google Scholar 

  • Zografos, K, Balakrishnan, N: On families of beta and generalized gamma generated distributions and associated inference. Stat. Methodol. 6, 344–362 (2009)

    Article  MathSciNet  MATH  Google Scholar 

Download references

Acknowledgments

The authors are grateful to the Editor-in-Chief, the Associate Editor and anonymous referees for many of their constructive comments and suggestions which lead to remarkable improvement on the revised version of the paper.

Funding

GGH (co-author of the manuscript) is an Associate Editor of JSDA, 100% discount on Article Processing Charge (APC) for accepted article).

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

Authors

Contributions

FAB proposed the TG-QHR model and wrote the initial draft of the manuscript. MCK wrote graphs of skewness and kurtosis (Fig. 2), simulation Section “Applications” and graphs about applications (Figs. 5 and 6). Especially GGH did much work in order to improve the motivation, characterizations and revise the article as a whole. The authors, viz. FAB, GGH, MCK and MA with the consultation of each other finalized this work. All authors read and approved the final manuscript.

Corresponding author

Correspondence to Fiaz Ahmad Bhatti.

Ethics declarations

Competing interests

The authors declare that they have no competing interests.

Publisher’s Note

Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.

Appendix A

Appendix A

Theorem 1: Let (Ω, F, P) be a probability space and let [d1, d2] be an interval with d1 < d2d1 =  −  ∞ , d2 = ∞). Also suppose that a continuous random variable X : Ω → [d1, d2] has distribution function F. Let h1(x) and h2(x) be two real functions continuous on [d1, d2] such that \( \frac{E\left[\left.{\mathrm{h}}_1(X)\right|\mathrm{X}\ge \mathrm{x}\right]}{E\left[\left.{\mathrm{h}}_2(X)\right|\mathrm{X}\ge \mathrm{x}\right]}=p(x) \) where p(x) is real function and should be in simple form. Assume that, h1(x), h2 (x)ε C([d1, d2])p(x) ε C2([d1, d2]) and F is strictly monotone function and twofold continuously differentiable on interval[d1, d2]. Assume that the equality h2(x)p(x) = h1(x) has no real result inside of [d1, d2]. Then cdf “F ”is obtained from h1(x), h2(x) andp(x)functions as\( F(x)=\underset{0}{\overset{x}{\int }}K\left|\frac{p^{\prime }(t)}{p(t){h}_2(t)-{h}_1(t)}\right|\exp \left(-s(t)\right) dt \), where s(t) is obtained from equation \( {s}^{\prime }(t)=\frac{p^{\prime }(t){h}_2(t)}{p(t){h}_2(t)-{h}_1(t)} \) and K is a constant, selected to make \( \underset{d_1}{\overset{d_2}{\int }} dF=1. \)

Rights and permissions

Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made.

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Bhatti, F.A., Hamedani, G.G., Korkmaz, M.Ç. et al. The transmuted geometric-quadratic hazard rate distribution: development, properties, characterizations and applications. J Stat Distrib App 5, 4 (2018). https://doi.org/10.1186/s40488-018-0085-8

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1186/s40488-018-0085-8

Keywords